Oriental Spruce, Caucasian Spruce, Sapin d'Orient, Épicéa d'Orient
Picea orientalis
🌿 Morphology
🌞 Growing conditions
🌍 Origin and family
🌾 Uses
Warning: Despite the care taken in writing this sheet, it is essential to cross-reference sources before using or consuming any plant. When in doubt, consult a qualified professional
Permaculture uses
Oriental spruce is primarily an ornamental tree used for landscaping and windbreaks. It provides shelter for wildlife. While not typically consumed, the young shoots can be used to make spruce tip syrup or tea in times of need. Resin can be used for medicinal purposes. Its dense growth makes it an excellent screen or hedge. Cultivars like 'Aurea' with golden foliage and 'Nana' with dwarf growth habit are popular choices for smaller gardens.
Permapeople description
The Caucasian spruce (Picea orientalis) is a species of spruce native to the Caucasus and adjacent northeast Turkey.
Botanical description
Picea orientalis, the Oriental spruce or Caucasian spruce, is a large evergreen coniferous tree growing to 30–45 m (exceptionally to 57 m) tall, and with a trunk diameter of up to 1.5 m. It is native to the Caucasus and adjacent northeast Turkey. The leaves are needle-like, flattened, quadrangular in cross-section, 8–12 mm long, and closely spaced all around the shoots. They are the shortest needles of any spruce. The cones are pendulous, slender cylindrical, 5–9 cm long, and 1.5–2 cm broad when closed, opening to 2.5–3.5 cm broad. They have thin, flexible scales 15–20 mm long. They are green when young, maturing glossy mid-brown 5–7 months after pollination. The seeds are black, 3–4 mm long, with a slender 10–13 mm long pale brown wing.
Companion planting
Oriental spruce generally has no strong companion planting associations, either positive or negative. It is a large tree and can create shade, so consider the light requirements of plants grown nearby. It can be used effectively as a windbreak to protect more sensitive plants. Avoid planting near species that are susceptible to spruce-specific pests or diseases to minimize risk.
Propagation methods
Propagation is typically achieved through seeds. Stratification is required to break dormancy. Cuttings are possible, but more difficult and require rooting hormones and controlled environment. Grafting is used for specific cultivars to maintain desired traits.
History and traditions
Historically, Oriental spruce has been valued for its timber in its native regions. The wood is strong and relatively lightweight, used in construction and furniture making. In traditional medicine, the resin has been used as an antiseptic and to treat respiratory ailments. The tree holds cultural significance in the Caucasus region, often associated with longevity and strength.
Usage calendar
Seeds are best sown in spring after stratification (cold treatment over winter). Cuttings are best taken in late summer or early fall. Planting is ideally done in spring or fall. Cones mature in late summer/early fall. Pruning is rarely necessary but can be done in late winter/early spring to remove dead or damaged branches.