Paper birch, white birch, canoe birch, American white birch
Betula papyrifera
🌿 Morphology
🌞 Growing conditions
🌍 Origin and family
🌾 Uses
Warning: Despite the care taken in writing this sheet, it is essential to cross-reference sources before using or consuming any plant. When in doubt, consult a qualified professional
Permaculture uses
Paper birch is valued for its bark, which can be used for fire starting, crafts, and even as a roofing material. The sap can be tapped in early spring and made into syrup, though it's less productive than maple. Young leaves are edible but can be bitter. It's a pioneer species that improves soil conditions but can shade out other sun-loving plants. The wood can be used for fuel and construction.
Permapeople description
A medium-sized deciduous tree with white, papery bark that peels in sheets.
Botanical description
Betula papyrifera is a medium-sized deciduous tree typically reaching 50-80 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 1-2 feet. It is characterized by its distinctive white bark, which peels in papery layers. The leaves are alternate, simple, ovate, 2-4 inches long and 1-2 inches wide, with a doubly serrated margin. The flowers are catkins; male catkins are pendulous and appear in the fall, while female catkins are erect and appear in the spring. The fruit is a small samara, dispersed by wind. It is native to North America, ranging from Newfoundland west to Alaska, and south to North Carolina and Colorado. Prefers well-drained soils and full sun to partial shade.
Companion planting
Generally a pioneer species that can compete strongly with other plants. It can be a good companion for plants that tolerate partial shade and acidic soils. Avoid planting near plants that require full sun or alkaline soils.
Propagation methods
Propagation is typically done by seed, which requires stratification. Cuttings can also be taken, but they are more difficult to root. Layering is another possible method. Grafting is sometimes used for specific cultivars.
History and traditions
Native Americans traditionally used paper birch bark for canoes, wigwam coverings, and baskets. The bark was also used medicinally for its antiseptic and anti-inflammatory properties. European settlers adopted many of these uses. The wood has been used for various purposes, including furniture and firewood.
Usage calendar
Seed collection: Fall. Stratification: Winter (requires cold stratification). Sowing: Spring. Sap tapping: Early Spring (before bud break). Bark harvest: Year-round, but best in late spring or early summer when the sap is flowing. Pruning: Late winter or early spring.