Northern Rata, Rata Tree, Iron Tree, New Zealand Christmas Tree
Metrosideros robusta
🌿 Morphology
🌞 Growing conditions
🌍 Origin and family
🌾 Uses
Warning: Despite the care taken in writing this sheet, it is essential to cross-reference sources before using or consuming any plant. When in doubt, consult a qualified professional
Permaculture uses
Metrosideros robusta is primarily an ornamental tree valued for its vibrant red flowers and strong, durable timber. Its dense canopy provides shade and shelter. The nectar is a food source for native birds and insects. While not typically used for direct human consumption, its presence in a permaculture system supports biodiversity and ecosystem health.
Permapeople description
Metrosideros robusta, also known as Northern Rata, is a forest tree endemic to New Zealand. It often starts as an epiphyte high in the forest canopy.
Botanical description
Metrosideros robusta is a massive evergreen tree endemic to New Zealand. It typically begins its life as an epiphyte, growing on another tree, often a rimu or totara. Over time, it sends aerial roots down to the ground, eventually strangling and replacing its host. It can reach heights of up to 25 meters (82 feet) or more, with a trunk diameter exceeding 3 meters (9.8 feet). The bark is thick, rough, and furrowed. The leaves are leathery, oval-shaped, and dark green. The flowers are a brilliant crimson red, composed of numerous stamens, and appear in profusion from November to January (summer in the Southern Hemisphere). The fruit is a small, dry capsule containing numerous tiny seeds. The tree is highly adaptable and can grow in a variety of soil conditions and climates.
Companion planting
Metrosideros robusta, being a large tree, benefits from understory plantings that provide ground cover and improve soil health. Avoid planting small, delicate plants directly beneath it, as its dense canopy can limit sunlight. As it begins its life as an epiphyte, pairing it with suitable host trees like Rimu or Totara can simulate its natural environment.
Propagation methods
Metrosideros robusta can be propagated from seed, though germination rates can be low. Cuttings, particularly semi-hardwood cuttings taken in late summer or autumn, are a more reliable method of propagation. Air layering is also possible.
History and traditions
In Maori tradition, Metrosideros robusta, or Northern Rata, held significant cultural and practical importance. Its strong, durable timber was used for building canoes, houses, and tools. The nectar-rich flowers were considered a sign of abundance and were sometimes used in traditional medicine. The red flowers are associated with the god Tane, the god of forests and birds.
Usage calendar
Flowering: November - January (summer). Seed collection: Late summer/autumn. Cutting propagation: Late summer/autumn. Planting: Spring or autumn.