🌿 Morphology
🌞 Growing conditions
🌍 Origin and family
🌾 Uses
Warning: Despite the care taken in writing this sheet, it is essential to cross-reference sources before using or consuming any plant. When in doubt, consult a qualified professional
Permaculture uses
The seeds are edible, providing a starchy food source. The resin has medicinal applications. Provides windbreak and shade. It is a long-lived specimen tree, acting as a valuable carbon sink. The tree provides a dense canopy, useful for creating microclimates. The fallen leaves can be used as mulch, though they decompose slowly.
Permapeople description
Araucaria araucana, commonly called the monkey puzzle tree, monkey tail tree, piñonero, or Chilean pine, is an evergreen tree native to central and southern Chile and adjacent areas of Argentina. It is a long-lived species, capable of living over 1,000 years. The tree is highly prized for its unusual appearance and its edible seeds.
Botanical description
Araucaria araucana is an evergreen tree native to central and southern Chile and western Argentina. It is a distinctive, ancient-looking tree, typically reaching heights of 60-130 feet and a trunk diameter of up to 6 feet. The tree is dioecious, meaning male and female cones are borne on separate trees. The leaves are thick, leathery, and scale-like, arranged spirally around the branches. They persist for 10-15 years. The seed cones are globose, 4-8 inches in diameter, and contain numerous edible seeds. Male cones are more elongated and cylindrical. The bark is thick, resinous, and fire-resistant, protecting the tree from wildfires common in its native habitat.
Companion planting
Generally grows well in isolation due to its large size and specific soil requirements (well-drained, slightly acidic). Avoid planting near shallow-rooted plants that may compete for water and nutrients. Compatible with other species that tolerate acidic soil conditions.
Propagation methods
Propagation is primarily through seeds. Cuttings are possible, but challenging, requiring specialized techniques and rooting hormones. Grafting is also an option, particularly for propagating desirable female cultivars.
History and traditions
The Mapuche people of Chile and Argentina have a long and intertwined history with the Monkey Puzzle Tree, which they call Pewen. The seeds are a vital food source, and the trees are considered sacred. The Mapuche have traditionally managed the forests to promote seed production. The tree was introduced to Europe in the late 18th century and became a popular ornamental tree in gardens and parks.
Usage calendar
Flowering occurs in the spring (Southern Hemisphere). Seed cones mature over a period of two to three years, with seed harvest typically in autumn. Planting is best done in spring or autumn. Pruning is generally not required, but can be done in late winter or early spring to remove dead or damaged branches.