🌿 Morphology
🌞 Growing conditions
🌍 Origin and family
🌾 Uses
Warning: Despite the care taken in writing this sheet, it is essential to cross-reference sources before using or consuming any plant. When in doubt, consult a qualified professional
Permaculture uses
Austrian pine provides excellent windbreaks and shelterbelts. Its dense growth habit makes it effective for erosion control on slopes. The wood can be used for construction and fuel. The resin has some traditional medicinal uses. Certain cultivars are chosen for ornamental purposes.
Permapeople description
Pinus nigra, the Austrian pine or black pine, is a moderately variable species of pine, occurring across southern Mediterranean Europe from Spain to the Crimea, Anatolia and also North Africa.
Botanical description
Pinus nigra, commonly known as Austrian pine or black pine, is a large evergreen coniferous tree, growing to 20–55 meters (66–180 feet) tall. The bark is grey to yellow-brown, deeply fissured in mature trees. The leaves ('needles') are 8–18 cm (3.1–7.1 in) long, stout, sharply pointed, and dark green. The cones are ovoid-conical, 5–10 cm (2.0–3.9 in) long, with scales that are flat or slightly convex. It is native to southern Europe and parts of Western Asia, and is widely planted as an ornamental and forestry tree.
Companion planting
Austrian pine can be used to provide shelter for other plants. It is generally considered compatible with other conifers and acid-loving plants. Avoid planting near plants that require alkaline soils.
Propagation methods
Propagation is primarily through seed sowing in spring or autumn. Cuttings are difficult to root. Grafting is sometimes used for specific cultivars.
History and traditions
Pinus nigra has been used for centuries in Europe for timber, resin, and medicinal purposes. Traditionally, the resin was used to treat skin conditions and respiratory ailments. It has also been planted extensively for soil stabilization and windbreaks.
Usage calendar
Seeds are collected in autumn. Sowing is best done in spring. Planting is generally done in autumn or early spring. Pruning, if needed, is best done in late winter or early spring before new growth begins. Pollination occurs in spring, and cones mature over two years.